REVITALIZING LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH VILLAGE TOURISM: CASE STUDY OF DUSUN GOJANG UTARA, SELAYAR ISLANDS, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

The study was done in March 2020 in Dusun Gojang Utara, Bontomarannu Village, Bontomanai Sub-district, Selayar Islands District, aiming at exploring the opportunity and feasibility of “Kenari Forest” as a tourist attraction. A descriptive-status approach was used in this study that was sought to answer questions about real-life situations, and in addition, the scoring of potential tourism object/attraction utilized the 2003 ADO-ODTWA Guideline. Overall, Dusun Gojang Utara has a high potency as a community-based tourism destination, although there are four criteria needed improvement, namely: accessibility, surrounding conditions, management and services, and climate. Unfortunately, Dusun Gojang Utara as a tourist village is yet to be the priority of the local government,. Indeed, as part of the Bontomarannu Village, this dusun is included as an agro-tourism development area, but the potential of this dusun is not for agro-tourism, instead its tourism attraction resides in the local livelihood itself.


INTRODUCTION
The tourism sector has an important role as a source of national foreign exchange, as well as encouraging national economic growth, particularly in reducing unemployment and increasing national productivity. In her analysis, Yakup (2019) found that tourism has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia. The contribution of tourism sector to the Indonesia's GDP was 5.47% in 2015, and 5.82% in 2016(LPEM-FEBUI, 2018. Since 2010, however, global tourism has undergone a shift from mass tourism to responsible tourism. Unfortunately, Indonesia has not addressed such a change seriously due to lack of knowledge about the global change in tourism paradigm (Poerwanto, 2020). One of responsible tourism types is known as rural (or village) tourism. Tourist attractions in the Selayar Islands, which are currently in great demand, still rely on the beauty of beaches and coral reefs. And indeed, the beauty of the coral reefs of Taka Bonerate National Park has become an icon of South Sulawesi (Ferdiansyah, 2019). A number of existing tourism businesses in Selayar Island, both managed by foreign and local entrepreneurs, combine the two tourist objects. The Government of Selayar Islands District is very aggressively promoting the region's potential as a tourist destination, both natural and cultural tourisms, with a desire that Selayar Islands could be established as a Special Economic Zone for Tourism. At the same time, the district government seeks to develop other potential locations or tourism objects, and one of its is "Kenari (canarium nut) Forest". In November 2018 (Balai Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate, 2018), the district government team conducted a location survey and discussion on the development of the "Kenari Forest" ecotourism, but the conclusions did not indicate the direction of development. This study seeks to explore the opportunity and feasibility of "Kenari Forest" as a tourist attraction.

METHODOLOGY
The study was done in March 2020 in Dusun Gojang Utara, Bontomarannu Village, Bontomanai Sub-district, Selayar Islands District (see Figure 1). A descriptive-status approach was used in this study that was sought to answer questions about real-life situations. Studies on the development of communitybased tourism have been done in Indonesia, particularly in Jawa, Bali and Lombok, but it has rarely been investigated from South Sulawesi, especially Selayar Island. Hence, this study should contribute to the science of community-based tourism.

Figure 4. Location of Dusun Gojang Utara
Most of the studies rely on SWOT analysis, and at the moment it was not quite suitable due to the fact that this study searched for both environmental and physical feasibilities that would enable the development of community-based tourism. Instead, the study utilized the guideline from the Ministry of Forestry (2003), which is called as ADO-ODTWA Guideline (Pedoman Analisis Daerah Operasi-Obyek dan Daya Tarik Wisata Alam = Guideline to the analysis of areas for the operation, object and attraction of nature tourism).
Using this guideline, two types of data were collected during the field survey: (a) primary data that were related to the actual village condition and the scoring of potential tourism object or attraction, and (b) secondary data that were mined mainly to gain theoretical background derived from the internet, books, news and articles. The scoring of potential tourism object/attraction referred to ADO-ODTWA Guideline.
The study was done in March 2020 in Dusun Gojang Utara, Bontomarannu Village, Bontomanai Sub-district, Selayar Islands District. A descriptive-status approach was used in this study that was sought to answer questions about real-life situations. Two types of data were collected during the field survey: (a) primary data that were related to the actual village condition and the scoring of potential tourism object or attraction, and (b) secondary data that were mined mainly to gain theoretical background derived from the internet, books, news and articles. The scoring of potential tourism object/attraction utilized the guideline from the Ministry of Forestry (2003), which is called as ADO-ODTWA Guideline (Pedoman Analisis Daerah Operasi-Obyek dan Daya Tarik Wisata Alam = Guideline to the analysis of areas for the operation, object and attraction of nature tourism).
ADO-ODTWA Guideline requires analysis on the following criteria: (1) attractiveness; (2) potential market; (3) accessibility; (4) the condition of surrounding area; (5) management and service potential; (6) climate; (7) accommodation; (8) supporting facilities; (9) clean water availability; (10) relation with other tourism objects in the surrounding area; (11) security; (12) area's carrying capacity; (13) visitor arrangement; (14) market assessment; and (15) marketing assessment. Each criteria has its own elements that need to be assessed in the field, scored independently, and summed up to represent the criteria. The aggregation of score for each criteria uses the following simple equation:

S = ∑ESi x Wi
where, S = score of the criteria; Esi = the score of element i in the criteria; Wi = weight of the score for element i, which is given by ADO-ODTWA Guideline.
A complete set of these criteria and their scores are available upon request to the first author.

a.
Attraction According to Ginting , Patana, & Rahmawaty (2013), visitors will come to a location if the location has appeal. Attraction is the main factor that will invite tourists to visit. On the other hand, attractiveness has different interpretations for the tourist's objective or purpose. Domestic travelers (domestic tourists) will have a different interpretation from foreign travelers (foreign tourists). Domestic tourists are generally still at the stage of "enjoying" tourist objects or destinations, while foreign tourists -especially from Europe, the United States, Canada and Australiaare already at the "contribution" stage, in the sense of "what can be given to help increase the local welfare".
Unfortunately, this understanding has never been understood by domestic tourism actors, including the government, so it is not surprising that many foreign businessmen have their own "guest houses", "homestays", restaurants, or cafes in PISSN 2527-9092 Vol 07 No 01, 2021 EISSN 2527-6921 https://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v7i1 131 https://jbhost.org/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 dusuns, especially in the locations where tourism is already advanced. In general, foreign tourists are looking for something unique, authentic (original) that increase their knowledge and experience. Something that is common for local people is actually a unique experience for foreign tourists. Tourism in Indonesia has not taken advantage of this principle.
The result of the assessment on attractiveness component of Dusun Gojang Utara is presented in the following table. If the dusun is well organized, the beauty of this area will be even better, especially when the houses are re-built to their traditional style: houses on stilts with bamboo roofs. The most unique element in this dusun lies in the daily activities of the local people who are very dependent on canary nuts. The actual processing of canary nuts has a very unique appeal, and will be able to provide new learning and experiences for foreign tourists.

b.
Potential market The 2003 ADO-ODTWA guideline could not be fully utilized because it was supposed to be assessed based on the potential local market. However, Takabonerate National Park data states that the average tourist who visits the national park to dive is around 700-1000 people per year. By assuming that the maximum number of visitors to the national park per year is only 700 people, such market potential is high for a village tourism. By using a scoring system and the same weighting as the ODTWA 2003 guideline, the market potential value is predicted as follows (Table 3).  (2019) states that accessibility is an indication of whether an object is easy to reach. They also states that ecotourism does not require easy access because difficult access is actually an attraction for ecotourism. This statement is actually not exactly true, because this statement leads to adventure tourism that demands an adrenaline challenge. In the assessment of accessibility components, the 2003 ADO-ODTWA guidelines could not be fully used because the elements in the guidelines were not in accordance with the conditions of the Selayar Islands District, so that the modifications were made as presented in Table  4. Sultan Hasanuddin Airport in Ujungpandang (Makassar), which can be reached in less than 1 hour. Dusun Gojang Utara is located in Bontomarannu Village (Bontomanai sub-district), which is only 14 km from Benteng City -the district capital. The road condition from Benteng City to the entrance of dusun, which runs through Dusun Gollek, as far as 10 km is classified as very good, but the road condition toward Dusun Gojang Utara, which is 4 km away, is classified as very bad. It takes more than 30 minutes to get to the end of the dusun. There are no public vehicle that serves the local community, so almost all residents own a two-wheeled motorized vehicle. Ginting et al. (2013) stated that the factors that make an area attractive to visitors are its proximity, easy access from international airports, and a comfortable trip to tourist destinations. Good accessibility will make tourist locations attractive to visit by various types of transportation (Ernawati, 2010).

d.
The condition of surrounding area As described in the 2003 ADO-ODTWA Guidelines, the conditions of surrounding area that need to be assessed consist of: the spatial layout of the object area, the unemployment rate of local community, the livelihoods and education level of population, the potential space for visitors to move, the level of soil fertility, natural resources surrounding the area, as well as community responses to tourism development. The results of the assessment are presented in Table 5. The Government of the Selayar Islands Disirict is very supportive of tourism development initiatives in the region. However, based on the Regulation of the Selayar Islands District (Perda) No. 6/2009, the main themes of the Bontomanai District Tourism Destination are "old heritage villages" and "Mesjid Tua (old mosque) Gantarang Lala Bata". Unfortunately, this Perda still relies on the potential for historical tourism for Bontomanai District, although in the 2012-2032 Spatial Planning of Selayar District, this sub-district is designated as an agro-tourism area. The Perda and spatial planning documents do not take into account the potential development of various DUTABAKAT 1 , which is quite diverse in Selayar Island.
Most of the local residents are junior high school graduates, and almost all residents have the main livelihood as canary garden farmers, and the unemployment rate can be categorized to be trivial. With an elongated stretch on the embankment of a steep hill and only about 3 km (from the east to the west end), while the left and right sides are canary gardens on steep hills, this dusun has a rather limited space for visitors (in under 30 ha). However, the land along this hamlet is very fertile, so that various types of plants can thrive without the need for fertilization. In general, the dusun's natural resources are very potential for the development of plant commodities that can become tourist objects. The local residents are very supportive of the development of DUTABAKAT.

e.
Management and service For the development of DUTABAKAT targeting foreign tourists, the ability to communicate in foreign languages will be an obstacle, because generally the local residents are only able to speak the local dialect and Bahasa Indonesia. However, the local residents have high potential for visitor service: they are very friendly to guests, able to communicate with guests, and appear to have the ability to provide comfortability to guests visiting the dusun.  The elements that could become the obstacles in the future are the number of dry months in a year, as well as the combination of air temperature and high humidity. Tourists will usually feel comfortable when the visit is not raining, with air that does not make them sweat profusely.

g. Accommodation
The accommodation assessment could not be carried out because there has not been any form of lodging built in the dusun.

h.
Supporting facility and infrastructure The 2003 ADO-ODTWA guideline could not be fully used because the subelements in the guideline do not match the availability of facilities in Dusun Gojang Utara, so the following modification is made. Score of the criteria 75 Source: Primary data 2020 The available infrastructure is a road network -although it was badly damaged, a sturdy bridge along the road, and a power electricity grid. Telecommunication networks still have to be built to facilitate communication for travelers to Dusun Gojang Utara.

i.
Clean water availability Clean water comes from springs available throughout the year in abundant volume, and the location of clean water from dusun is closed. There has been water pipelime to more than 50% of the houses of local residents. However, the water is not suitable for direct consumption, and needs to be boiled. At this time, drinking and cooking water needs are obtained by buying "gallon water" which is sold daily by traders from Benteng City. Relation to other tourism objects on the island The 2003 ADO-ODTWA guideline could not be fully used because the subelements in the guideline do not match the conditions of Selayar Islands District, so the following modification is made. Community-based tourism objects (or DUTABAKAT) do not yet exist in this district. This makes sense because the Government of Indonesia does not yet really understand the potential of DUTABAKAT. Only in 2018, the Government of Indonesia cq. The Ministry of Tourism understands that community-based tourism is much more resilient when the tourism industry is experiencing a sluggishness. This is due to the fact that with DUTABAKAT, people do not rely their income on tourism, because their main income is their daily livelihoods which are used as tourist objects. Income from tourism activities is only an additional income.

k. Security
The 2003 ADO-ODTWA guideline could not be fully used because the subelements in the guideline do not match the conditions of Selayar Islands District, so the following modification is made. Local residents stated that there has never been any security disturbance in the dusun. Land/forest fires also never occur, and if they do, the cause is natural. For example, lightning that burns a tall tree. Tree cutting is only carried out for personal needs, for example, to produce their own building materials. But the trees used as building materials in this dusun are generally coconut trees. The land along the hamlet road is used for residential areas.

l.
Carrying capacity The 2003 ADO-ODTWA guideline could not be fully used because the subelements in the guideline do not match the condition of Dusun Gojang Utara, so the following modification is made. The capacity of Dusun Gojang Utara to accommodate visitors (person/day) is quite limited. With only 97 houses, the maximum number of visitors that can be accommodated is only 90 people/day. With steep hills, with a 10-15% slope, the soil condition is considered to be moderately sensitive to erosion. Additional activities that can be carried out in here are research, especially regarding canary forests as a man-made ecosystem, or other research related to canary nuts.

m.
Visitor Settings Assessment of visitor arrangements could not be carried out, because the dusun has not become a tourist destination.

n.
Marketing Assessment of marketing could not be carried out, because the dusun has not become a tourist destination.

o.
Market Share Assessment Assessment of market share could not be carried out, because it has not become a tourist destination.
The minimum and maximum values for each criteria were established, and three classes of potencies were constructed: high, medium, and low, based on the interval values. The classifications are presented in Table 13. Overall, Dusun Gojang Utara has a high potency as a community-based tourism destination, although there are four criteria that have medium and low potential, namely: accessibility (moderate), surrounding conditions (moderate), management and services (moderate), and climate (low). The climatic element cannot be changed in any way, but comfortability can be created to mitigate climatic conditions, for example the architecture of a house packed into a traditional one, or the provision of umbrellas in each house for guests traveling to the dusun. Other elements do indeed require intervention from the local government and collaboration with investors in social enterprises. Once these intervention take place, the local economy could certainly revitalized through a community-based tourism.

Overlooked Potential Natural Resource
Indonesian canary nuts are less well-known than similar nuts from other countries, such as India, the Middle East, America and even Europe, even though Indonesian canary nuts have the potential as a source of food and medicine (Amini 2018;Rahman, Anggadiredja, Gusdinar, Sitompul, & Ryadin, 2019). Within the Selayar Islands Regency area, canary trees are spread across 5 (five) districts with a total area of 351.60 ha, with a production of 299.56 tons from a total of 35,160 trees in 2018. The sub-districts with the largest area of walnut trees are Bontomanai (area = 178.1 ha, annual production = 169.58 tonnes), followed by Buki District (area = 91 ha, annual production = 68.89 tonnes), Bontomatane (area = 41 ha, annual production = 23.22 tonnes), Bontoharu (area = 22.5 ha, annual production = 19.76 tonnes), and Bontosikuyu (area = 19 ha, annual production = 18.11 tonnes) (BPS Selayar Islands, 2019).
Of the five dusuns in Bontomarannu Village, Dusun Gojang Utara is the only hamlet where the entire population depends on the management of the canary nut forest and the processing of canary nuts. Average daily income is around Rp. 70,000 per household per day, or about 1 kg of ready-to-sell canary nuts (at a price of Rp. 70,000 per kg). The total population of this dusun is around 420 people, groupped into 130 households, and there are only 97 houses in the area. This dusun is located along a steep hill, where the right and left sides of dusun are covered with canary trees, forming an intact canary forest. Based on its history, the canary forest in this village has existed since the Dutch colonial era, and based on the diameter of the trunk, there are indeed many canary trees of hundreds of years old.
The distance from the district capital -Kota Benteng -to this dusun is only about 14 km, although the road conditions could be classified as very damaged. The road conditions are smooth only from Benteng City to the dusun entry point, which is about 10 Km. The journey from Benteng City to the entry point can only be taken for about 10 minutes, but from the entrance to the end of Dusun Gojang Utara, it took more than 30 minutes because the road was in very bad condition. Electricity facility is already supplied by the state electriciy company (PLN); clean water sourced from springs is always available throughout the year (although it still needs to be checked for conformity with the quality of daily needs), but communication facilities are still not available.
The canary forest that stretches out along the sides of the road leading to the dusun, all residents who depend on canary nuts, and a short distance from the district capital make Dusun Gojang Utara have great potential for tourism development.
With the concept of "community-based tourism" and from the point of view of foreign tourists, the daily activities of dusun residents in managing canary forest and processing canary nuts have high appeal, which can provide knowledge of rural lifestyles, management of man-made ecosystems, and processing walnut seeds. This high attractiveness will be further enhanced if the spatial planning of dusun is improved, for example by replacing a concrete house with a beautiful traditional stilt house with a bamboo roof. This concept is in accordance with the type of tourists conveyed by Suansri (2003), namely: (a) tourists seeking new experiences, and (b) tourists seeking to learn and support environmental conservation and local communities. Under the scheme of community-based tourism in this "dusun", here are the activities in which the tourists can participate (see Supplementary Figure): 1.
Learn how to make traditional basket from coconut leaves for collecting walnuts 2.
Observe how the local people climb the trees to harvest the walnut seeds 3.
Involve in collecting walnut seed fallen on the ground 4.
Help the local carry the walnut seeds in the traditional baskets; the locals will usually carry the seed collection of large quantities.

5.
Help the locals prepare the soaking process 6.
Help the locals prepare drying process 7.
Learn how to break the hard shell of walnut seeds 8.
Learn how to peel off the soft epidermis 9.
Participate in preparing the local snacks and cake from walnut seed 10. At convenient time, track the "Kenari Forest".
Tourists can interact with local residents to make woven coconut leaf baskets to collect walnuts or traditional hat weaving, and participate in harvesting and collecting canary nuts. The most interesting activity is how to open canary nuts, and the tourists can try this traditional method. It is indeed necessary to consider the use of other tools, apart from machetes/sharp machetes, because these tools might endanger inexperienced travelers. They can also participate in peeling walnut husks, and making traditional snacks. All these processes are unique experiences for foreign travelers.

CONCLUSION
As a "community-based tourism" with a target market of foreign tourists, the traditional ways of local residents in managing canary gardens as an ecosystem and processing canary nuts (see Supplementary Figure) are an attraction with high authenticity and uniqueness. Thus, Dusun Gojang Utara has the potential to become a "community-based tourism village" or DUTABAKAT.
However, some elements and/or criteria still need to be improved so that this potential becomes more perfect. These elements are: climate, accessibility, telecommunications networks, conditions around the area, as well as management and services. As explained above, the climatic element cannot be changed in any way, but comfortability can be created to cope with climatic conditions, for example the houses are re-built to traditional bamboo-roofed architecture, and supplies of umbrellas in each house for guests traveling to the dusun. Although the distance from the district capital is very close, the condition of the access road to dusun is very bad. This poor road may also cause the absence of public passenger vehicle, but the public passenger vehicles on Selayar Island are indeed very rare.
Telecommunication network is very vital for a village tourism, where the experiences of foreign tourists can be directly informed (or shared) online to colleagues/relatives. This condition is necessary as part of the tourism marketing. On the other hand, the local residents do not have the ability to communicate in foreign languages, even though they are very friendly and have high enthusiasm in communicating with guests from outside their territory. It is true that dusun residents do not need to be proficient in foreign languages either, but a 'tour guide' or 'tour interpreter' can be provided by graduates of the Tourism Polytechnic in Selayar Island.
Dusun Gojang Utara as a tourist village has not seemed to be the priority of the local government, therefore it is not included in the district spatial planning. Indeed, as part of the Bontomarannu Village, this dusun is included as an agrotourism development area, but the potential of this dusun is not for agro-tourism. On the other hand, this hamlet has limited space for visitors, so the development of DUTABAKAT Gojang Utara in the future will require visitor management. For example, by limiting the number of visits per day. In terms of the tourism industry, limiting the number of visitors will actually increase market value.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
ASA initiated the conceptual framework, followed by the research design and article writing. N and S undertook initial surveys, followed by discussion for writing the article. HSS contributed the community-based-tourism aspect analysis. JS supervised and copy-edited on the article. AR assisted the field surveys and observations during the study. All authors have contributed to design the research surveys, analyze, and discuss the results.

FUNDING
This study was funded in part from the Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF) UK via the delivery partner Research and Innovation (UKRI) under grant agreement reference NE/P021107/1 to the Blue Communities project.